tugas inggris

UNIT 5

MARKETING

READING TEXT

The terms market and marketing can have several meanings depending upon they are used. The terms stock market refers to the buying and selling of shares in corporation as well as other activities related to stock trading and pricing. Another type of market is grocery market, which is a place where people purchase food.. The term marketing in bussines includes all of these meanings and more.

In the past, the concept of marketing emphasized sales. The producer of manufacturer made a product he wanted to sell. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product. Basically, selling would be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of the product to the place where it was actually sold. Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardization and grading, and related risks.

The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on different set of principles. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption. In other words, goods should consider who is going to buy the product or what the market for the product is before production begins. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.

Marketing now involves first deciding what costumers wants, and designing and producing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the company. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem. Thus, demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the production process.

Because products are often marketed internationally, distribution has increased in importance. Goods must be at the place where the costumer needs them or brought there. This is known as place utility; it adds value to a product. However, many markets are separated from the place of production, which means that often both raw materials and finished products must be transported to the points where they are needed.

Raw materials requiring little or no special treatment can be transported by rail, ship, or barge at low cost. Large quantities of raw materials travel as bulk freight, but finished products that often require special treatment, such as refrigeration or careful handling, are usually transported by truck. This merchandise freight is usually smaller in volume and requires quicker delivery. Merchandise freight is a term for the transportation of manufactured goods.

Along all points of the distribution channel various amounts of storage are required. The time and manner of such storage depends upon the type of product. Inventories of this stored merchandise often need to be financed.

Modern marketing is therefore a coordinated system of many business activities, but basically it involves four things : (1) selling the correct product at the proper place, (2) selling it at a price determined by demand, (3) satisfying a customer’s needs and wants, and (4) producing a profit for the company.


UNIT 6

THE FOUR P’s

READING TEXT

In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objective. Marketing can be devided into four main elements that are popularly known as the four P’s : product, price, placement, and promotion.

The product elements of marketing refers to the good or service that a company wants to sell. This often involves research and development (R&D) of a new product, research of the potential market, testing of product to insure quality, and then introduction to the market.

A company next considers the price to charge for its product. Three are three pricing options the company may take: above, with, or, below the price that its competitors are changing. Most companies price with the market and sell their goods or service for average prices established by major producers in the industry. The producers who establish these prices are known as price leaders.

The third elements of the marketing process-placement-involves getting the product to the customer. A common channel distribution is :

manufactured  wholesaler  retailer  customer

The communication buyer and seller is known as promotion. There are two ways promotion occurs : through personal selling and throught advertising

UNIT 7

THE TARGET MARKET

READING TEXT

The combination of four P’s is known as the marketing mix. In order to develop a successful marketing mix, researchers first ask two important questions : who is going to buy the product? What is the potential to sell this product?

The group of customers who will probably buy the product is known as the target market. The company directs its marketing efforts towards this group of potential customers who form the target market they wish to appeal to, the company can develop an appropriate mix of product, price, placement, and promotion.

A successful marketing mix depends on the knowledge about consumers and their buying habits gained through market research as well as correct identification of the target market.








NAME : STEVANIA CHARISSA
NPM : 10209595
CLASS : I EA 13

g

GLOBAL WARMING

Global Warming is the process of increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, ocean, and the Earth's land.

Global average temperatures on Earth's surface has increased ± 0.74 ° C 0:18 (1:33 ± 0:32 ° F) during the last hundred years. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that "most of the increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century, most likely caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities" [1] via the greenhouse effect. These basic conclusions have been advanced by at least 30 scientific and academic bodies, including all the national science academies of the G8 nations. However, there are still some scientists who do not agree with some conclusions that the IPCC noted.

Global warming is basically a phenomenon of global temperature increase from year to year because of the greenhouse effect (greenhouse effect) caused by increasing emissions of gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), dinitrooksida (N2O) and the CFC so that the sun's energy trapped in the earth's atmosphere. The literature shows an increase in global temperatures - including Indonesia - which occurs in the range 1.5 to 40 Celsius at the end of the 21st century.

Global warming cause widespread and serious impacts to the bio-geophysical environment (such as melting polar ice, sea level rise, expanding deserts, increasing rainfall and flooding, climate change, extinction of certain flora and fauna, migratory fauna and pest diseases, etc. ). While the impact of socio-economic activities include: (a) disruption of the function of coastal and beach cities, (b) disruption of the function of infrastructure and facilities such as road networks, ports and airports (c) disruption of settlements, (d) reduction productivity of agricultural land, (e) increased risk of cancer and disease outbreaks, etc.). In this paper, focus is given on the anticipation of two impacts on global warming, namely sea level rise (of rise sea level) and flooding.

Impact of rising sea levels and flooding of Environmental Bio-geophysical conditions and the Social-Economic Society.

Sea level rise will generally result in impacts as follows: (a) increasing the frequency and intensity of floods, (b) changes in ocean currents and the widespread destruction of mangroves, (c) expansion of sea water intrusion, (d) a threat to the socio-economic activities of society coastal, and (e) reduction or loss of the land area of small islands.

The increased frequency and intensity of floods caused by the random occurrence of the rainfall pattern and the short rainy season while the very high rainfall (extreme events). Another possibility is a result of backwater effects from coastal to inland areas. The frequency and intensity of floods predicted nine times greater in the coming decade in which the 80% increase in flooding occurred in South and Southeast Asia (including Indonesia) with the inundation area reaches 2 million square miles. Increasing the volume of water in coastal areas will provide the cumulative effect if the sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity of rainfall occurred in the same period.

stevania charissa

I ea 13

10209595